ASSESSMENT OF THE BENIFITS
OF PRECESION LAND LEVELLING
|
|
|
Increase in the
use of fertilizer and farmyard manure. |
15-35 |
Increased in cropped
area due to elimination of unnecessary bunds and water channels. |
2.5 |
Saving of Water. |
25 |
Increase in Cropping
intensity. |
35-40 |
Increase in Crop
yield. |
20-35 |
Saving of time
and labour for irrigation. |
23-25 |
Reduction in number
of katcha nakkas. |
35-48 |
Eradication of
water logging and salinity. |
42 |
AVAILABILITY OF ORGANIC MATTER
AND NITROGEN IN DIFFERENT GREEN MANURING CROPS
|
Sr.No. |
CROPS |
O.M. (KG/AREA) |
NITORGEN (KG/AREA) |
|
| 1 |
Mong |
1800 |
15 |
0.84 |
| 2 |
Barseem |
5600 |
25 |
0.45 |
| 3 |
Guara |
7400 |
47 |
0.64 |
| 4 |
Sanhemp |
7400 |
37 |
0.50 |
| 5 |
Archer |
2800 |
18 |
0.64 |
| 6 |
Senji |
8700 |
56 |
0.64 |
| 7 |
Sesbania |
6775 |
35 |
0.52 |
| 8 |
Rice Straw |
2400 |
9 |
0.35 |
| 9 |
Rice Husk |
- |
- |
0.25 |
| 10 |
Farmyard Manure |
- |
- |
0.50 |
FERTILIZER
USE FOR SINDH IRRIGATION AREAS (NFDC, ISLAMABAD)
|
| |
SOIL CONDITION |
N |
P |
K (KG/AREA) |
| RABI CROPS: |
Wheat |
Medium Fertilizer |
54 |
27 |
0 |
|
Poor Soils |
70 |
34 |
25 |
Barely
|
Medium |
46 |
23 |
0 |
|
Low Fertile |
68 |
34 |
0 |
Oil Seed
|
Rape and Mustard |
46 |
23 |
0 |
|
Safflower |
50 |
23 |
23 |
|
Lin Seed |
30 |
20 |
0 |
|
Soya Been |
25 |
34 |
0 |
|
Seasmum |
20 |
16 |
0 |
Pulses |
Gram |
10 |
23 |
0 |
|
Masoor (Lentil) 10 |
23 |
0 |
0 |
| |
KHARIF CROPS:
|
Rice |
|
|
|
|
Coarse (IRRI) |
Medium Soil |
72 |
36 |
20 |
|
Rice Soil |
50 |
25 |
0 |
Basmati |
Medium Soil |
36 |
18 |
0 |
|
Rice Soil |
30 |
16 |
0 |
Cotton (R.VTS) |
Lower Sindh |
120 |
50 |
70 |
|
Middle Sindh |
100 |
40 |
50 |
|
Upper Sindh |
80 |
40 |
40 |
Maize (I-Hyb) |
|
60 |
24 |
20 |
Sunflower (I-Hyb) |
|
50 |
24 |
20 |
Mungbean |
|
10 |
20 |
0 |
Potatoes |
|
65 |
30 |
40 |
|
|
|
|
|
Fodders
|
Berseem |
|
15 |
30 |
0 |
Lucern |
|
10 |
23 |
0 |
Oats |
|
32 |
23 |
0 |
Maize and Jawar |
|
34 |
23 |
0 |
Millets (Bajra) |
|
32 |
23 |
0 |
Sada Bahar |
|
32 |
23 |
0 |
PROVINCE
WISE CHEMICAL STATUS OF SOIL PROFILES (% OF PROFILES) |
PROVINCE |
SURVEY PERIOD |
NO OF PROFILES |
NSNS* |
SALINE |
SALINE SODIC |
NSS** |
| N.W.F.P |
1977-79 |
1985 |
79 |
11 |
7 |
2 |
| |
1971-75 |
314 |
27 |
50 |
23 |
- |
| Punjab |
1977-79 |
39963 |
73 |
7 |
14 |
5 |
| |
1953-65 |
23662 |
55 |
6 |
27 |
11 |
| Sindh |
1977-79 |
20543 |
38 |
17 |
42 |
2 |
| Balochitan |
1977-79 |
1402 |
35 |
26 |
38 |
1 |
| Pakistan |
1977-79 |
63866 |
61 |
11 |
24 |
3 |
| |
1962-65 |
23976 |
55 |
6 |
27 |
11 |
| * Non Saline Non Sodic. |
| ** Non Saline Sodin. |
CROP
GROUPS BASED ON RESPONSE TO SALT STRESS
|
SECSITIVE GROUPS |
RESISTANT
GROUPS |
Highly Sensitive |
Mediun Sensitive |
Highly Tolerant |
Mediun Tolerant |
Lentil |
Radish |
Spinash |
Barley |
Mash |
Cowpea |
Sugarcane |
Rice (Transplanted) |
Chickpea |
Broad Bean |
Roya |
Cotton |
Beans |
Vetch |
Rice (Direct Sowing) |
Sugar Beet |
Peas |
Cabbage |
Wheat |
Turnip |
Carrot |
Cauliflower |
Pearl Millet |
Tobacco |
Onion |
Cucumber |
Oats |
Safflower |
Lemon |
Gourds |
Alfalfa |
Taramir |
Orange |
Tomato |
Blue Panic Grass |
Karnal Grass |
Grape |
Sweet Potato |
Para Grass |
Date Palm |
Peach |
Sorghum |
Rhode Grass |
Ber |
Plum |
Millets |
Sudan Grass |
Mesquite |
Pear |
Maize |
Guava |
Casuarica |
Apple |
Clover, Berseem |
Pomegranate |
Tamarix |
|
|
Desi Babu (Assasia) |
Salvadora |
WATER
REQUIREMENTS OF SOME COMMON CROPS AND CRITICAL GROWTH STAGES
WITH RESPECT TO WATER REQUIREMENT |
CROP |
WATER REQUIREMENT
(MM/INCHES) |
CRITICAL STAGES OF
CROP GROWTH |
| |
|
CEREALS |
| Wheat |
350-560 / 13.8"-22.0" |
Crown root initiation, tillering, jointing,
boot, flowering, grain development. |
| Rice |
1200-1800 / 47.4"-70.8" |
Initiation of tillering, floral primordial
emergence, flowering. |
| Maize, spring |
430-715 / 16.9:-28.2" |
Tasseling, silking, cob and grain development. |
| Maiz, autumn |
320-460 / 12.6"-18.1" |
Tasseling, silking, cob and grain development. |
| Barley |
150-130 / 06.0:-05.1" |
Initiation of tillering, boot, grain
development. |
| |
|
SUGAR CROPS |
| Sugarcane |
1200-1500 / 47.3"59.1" |
Seeding emergence, tillering, cane elongation. |
| |
|
FIBRE CROPS |
| Cotton |
600-800 / 23.6:-31.5" |
Commencement of sympodial branches, flowering
fruit (boll) setting. |
| |
|
PULSES |
| Mung bean |
250-350 / 9.9:-13.8" |
Pre-flowering (just before floral initiation),
flowering, pod development. |
| Mash been (urd) |
250-350 / 9.9:-13.8" |
Pre-flowering (just before floral initiation),
flowering, pod development. |
| Sunflower |
600-1000 / 23.6"39.4" |
flowering, seed development. |
| Mustard |
300-400 / 11.8"-15.7" |
flowering, pod development. |
| Berseem |
800-1120 / 31.5:-44.1" |
After each cutting |
| Sorghum |
450-600 / 17.7"-23.6" |
Throughout growth period |
WATER LOSSES IN CANAL
IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN |
SOURCE |
WATER LOSSES (%) |
FACTOR |
| Canal head to outlet |
35 |
Seepage / precolation, evaporation |
| Watercourses delivery |
24 |
Seepage, overflow, evaporation |
| Field application |
25 |
Unlevelled field and over irrigation. |
CROPPING PATTERN IN
HYDERABAD, THATTA, BADIN AND SINDH (% OF CROPPED AREA) |
RABI CROPS |
HYDERABAD |
THATTA |
BADIN |
SINDH |
| Wheat |
26.12 |
6.09 |
10.54 |
24.78 |
| Barley |
0.01 |
4.08 |
1.91 |
0.39 |
| Rae Seeds and Mustard |
0.24 |
0.34 |
0.36 |
1.83 |
| Gram |
0.27 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
1.10 |
| Lentil |
0.22 |
0.68 |
0.15 |
0.21 |
| Peas |
0.27 |
0.40 |
0.04 |
1.85 |
| Other Pulses |
0.01 |
0.30 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
| Onion |
5.01 |
0.96 |
2.81 |
1.56 |
| Chillies |
0.79 |
0.24 |
0.64 |
0.38 |
| Condiments |
0.95 |
0.59 |
1.00 |
0.53 |
| Fodder |
4.67 |
6.61 |
4.69 |
4.52 |
| Fruits |
0.35 |
0.10 |
0.07 |
0.19 |
| Tomato |
0.18 |
0.75 |
0.75 |
0.18 |
| Carrot |
0.13 |
0.01 |
0.34 |
0.05 |
| Cauliflower |
0.10 |
0.01 |
0.43 |
0.05 |
| Rabi Vegetable |
1.18 |
1.47 |
2.57 |
0.58 |
| Total Rabi |
40.49 |
22.65 |
26.31 |
38.21 |
| Kharif Crops |
| Cotton |
15.16 |
0.38 |
1.42 |
16.31 |
| Rice |
4.87 |
40.69 |
34.30 |
16.02 |
| Sugarcane |
20.31 |
22.80 |
25.26 |
7.55 |
| Sorghum |
0.09 |
0.49 |
0.12 |
3.31 |
| Pearl millet |
1.60 |
0.10 |
0.31 |
5.51 |
| Maize |
0.37 |
0.28 |
0.52 |
0.26 |
| Sesame |
0.00 |
0.06 |
0.00 |
0.13 |
| Pulses |
0.36 |
0.44 |
0.07 |
0.43 |
| Friuts |
7.15 |
5.89 |
2.12 |
3.46 |
| Vegetable |
0.92 |
1.17 |
0.77 |
0.47 |
| Chillies |
0.82 |
0.98 |
2.13 |
0.78 |
| Condiments |
0.84 |
1.01 |
2.14 |
0.79 |
| Fodders |
6.76 |
2.91 |
4.39 |
5.54 |
| Gower Seed |
0.25 |
0.16 |
0.13 |
1.24 |
| Total Kharif |
59.51 |
77.35 |
73.69 |
61.79 |
MAJOR BENEFITS OF
WATERCOURSE IMPROVEMENT |
SR.NO |
PARTICULARS |
EXTENT (%) |
| 1 |
Time saving in irrigation time |
28 |
| 2 |
Labour saving |
50 |
| 3 |
Increase in cropping intensity |
23 |
| 4 |
Increase in cropped area |
17 |
| 5 |
Increase in yield |
16-37 |
| 6 |
Increase in net farm income |
20 |
MAJOR BENEFITS OF
LASER LAND LEVELLING |
SR.NO |
PARTICULARS |
EXTENT (%) |
| 1 |
Curtailment in irrigation application lossed |
25 |
| 2 |
Reduction in labour requirements |
35 |
| 3 |
Enhancment in the irrigated area |
2 |
| 4. |
Increase in the crop yield |
20 |
PRODUCTIVITY OF CEREALS
PER UNIT OF WATER |
CROPS (NEW STRAINS) |
WATER REQUIREMENT
(CM) |
YIELD (KG/HA) |
PRODUCTIVITY PER UNIT
OF WATER (KG/HA/MM) |
| Rice |
120 |
4500 |
3.7 |
| Sorghum |
50 |
4500 |
9.0 |
| Pearl Millet (Bajra) |
50 |
4000 |
8.0 |
| Maize |
62.5 |
5000 |
8.0 |
| Wheat |
40 |
5000 |
12.5 |
WATER
REQUIREMENTS OF SOME COMMON CROPS AND CRITICAL GROWTH STAGES
WITH RESPECT TO WATER REQUIREMENT |
CROP |
WATER
REQUIREMENT (MM*) |
CRITICAL
STAGES OF CROP GROWTH |
| |
|
CEREALS |
| Wheat |
350-560 |
Crown root initiation, tillering, jointing, boot, flowing,
grain development. |
| Rice |
1200-1800 |
Initiation of tillering, floral primordial emergence, flowring. |
| Maize, Spring |
430-715 |
Tasseling, silking, cob and grain development. |
| Maize, autumn |
320-460 |
Tasseling, silking, cob and grain development. |
| Barly |
150-130 |
Initiation of tillering, boot, grain development |
| |
|
SUGAR CROPS. |
| Sugarcane |
1200-1500 |
Seedling emergence, tillering, cane elongation |
| Sugar beet |
|
Ring formation, carbohydrate partitioning, stop irrigation
2-3 weeks before harvest. |
| |
|
FIBRE CROPS |
| Cotton |
600-800 |
Commencement of sympodial branches, flowering, fruit (boll)
setting. |
| |
|
PULSES |
| Chickpea (gram) |
300-400 |
Pre-flowering (just before floral initiation), flowering,
pod development. |
| Lentil |
300-400 |
Pre-flowering (just before floral initiation), flowering,
pod development. |
| Mung bean |
250-350 |
Pre-flowering (just before floral initiation), flowering,
pod development. |
| Mash bean (urd) |
250-350 |
Pre-flowering (just before floral initiation), flowering,
pod development. |
| Prigewnpea (arhar) |
250-400 |
Pre-flowering (just before floral initiation), flowering,
pod development. |
| Soya bean |
450-700 |
Early seedling, flowering, pod and seed development |
| |
|
OIL SEEDS |
| Sunflower |
600-1000 |
Flowering, seed development |
| Sunflower |
150-225 |
Flowering, seed development |
| Groundnut |
450-600 |
Pegging to pod formation |
| Seame |
225-300 |
Flowering,capsule and seed development |
| Toria (Indian rape) |
330-450 |
Flowering, pod development |
| Mustard |
300-400 |
Flowering, pod development |
| Linseed |
350-450 |
Flowering, pod development |
| |
|
FODDER CROPS |
| Alfalfa |
800-1600 |
After each cutting |
| Berseem |
800-1120 |
After each cutting |
| Shaftal |
700-900 |
After each cutting |
| Senji |
450-600 |
Throughout growth period |
| Sorghum |
450-600 |
Throughout growth period |
| Pearl millet (bajra) |
450-600 |
Throughout growth period |
| |
|
VEGETABLE CROPS |
| Potato |
500-700 |
Stolonization, tuberization, bulking |
| Pea |
350-550 |
Pre bloom |
| |
|
SPECIAL CROPS |
| Tobacco |
700-800 |
Topping |
